A key disagreement with the U.S. over domestic ammunition production is hindering Poland’s acquisition of nearly 500 HIMARS launchers, impacting operational readiness.
HIMARS Program Faces Roadblock
Over two years after signing one of its largest defense contracts, Poland’s HIMARS acquisition program is encountering significant obstacles. A crucial dispute with the U.S. concerns the production of rocket ammunition in Poland, without which the system’s full operational capability remains limited.
In September 2023, Poland signed a framework agreement to purchase nearly 500 HIMARS launchers, intended to significantly increase its rocket artillery potential. The project initially envisioned not only equipment procurement but also extensive industrial cooperation, including transferring some production to Poland.
GMLRS Missile Production at Issue
Despite over two years of negotiations, Poland has failed to secure U.S. approval for the transfer of technology to produce GMLRS rockets – the primary ammunition for these systems. Representatives from the Armaments Agency confirm discussions have been ongoing since 2023, but no agreement has been reached on key issues.
Securing consent requires approval not only from the U.S. administration but also from countries co-participating in the GMLRS program – the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy.
Dependence on Foreign Ammunition Supplies
The lack of a decision means Poland remains dependent on foreign ammunition supplies, which could be critical in the event of armed conflict.
Homar-A Program and Polish Industrialization
The Homar-A program, based on the HIMARS system, is a pillar of the modernization of the Polish Armed Forces’ rocket artillery. It aims to integrate American launchers with Polish technological solutions, including the Topaz battlefield management system, developed by the domestic defense industry.
A primary goal of the program is “Polonization,” increasing the participation of Polish plants in the production and servicing of equipment, striving for independence from foreign suppliers of key components, especially ammunition.
Lessons from Ukraine: Ammunition is Key
Experiences from the war in Ukraine have significantly influenced Warsaw’s approach to ensuring the security of arms supplies. The Ukrainian army, utilizing HIMARS systems, is largely dependent on ammunition deliveries from the U.S., which becomes a serious limitation during periods of political or logistical tension.
Poland seeks to avoid a similar situation, with military officials emphasizing the importance of ensuring the ability to independently produce ammunition, especially that consumed in large quantities. General Krzysztof Król has stressed that there are no guarantees of full allied support or a short conflict duration.
Chunmoo Alternative and South Korean Cooperation
Unlike the HIMARS program, cooperation with South Korea regarding Chunmoo systems is progressing without major disruptions. Poland is implementing the Homar-K project, which involves purchasing Korean launchers and establishing a joint venture to enable domestic ammunition production.
The cooperation model with Seoul involves a broader technology transfer and greater engagement of the Polish industry, potentially serving as a benchmark for future negotiations with the U.S. Poland may eventually have two rocket artillery systems – one dependent on foreign supplies and another, more nationally controlled.
Modernization and Domestic Production Capacity
The current situation highlights a broader issue related to the modernization of the armed forces – balancing the purchase of modern equipment with building domestic production capabilities. For systems like HIMARS, the availability of ammunition is as crucial as the number of launchers.
Experts point out that the intensity of modern conflicts leads to enormous consumption of rocket missiles, requiring constant and reliable supplies. Without domestic production, Poland remains vulnerable to limitations resulting from the political decisions and industrial capabilities of its partners.